Report: Millions of LGBTQ people worldwide suffer from anti-LGBTQ laws
Hundreds of arrests and prosecutions of LGBT and gender-diverse people occurred in 2021 and in previous years, according to a new report from ILGA World (the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association)
In addition to legal and extra-legal persecution, the mere existence of anti-LGBTQ laws in many nations causes harm to millions of people worldwide, ILGA World stated.
“The unpredictable nature of their enforcement makes LGBT and gender-diverse people live perpetually under threat, excluding them from an equal participation in society,” said Kellyn Botha, research consultant at ILGA World and author of the report, titled “Our Identities Under Arrest” in English and “Nuestras Identidades Bajo Arresto” in Spanish.
The 210-page report can be downloaded for free.
There were its main findings:
- Arrests and prosecutions for consensual same-sex sexual acts or for diverse gender expressions continued to take place in 2021 and in previous years, and are considerably underreported across regions
- Consensual same-sex sexual acts continue to be punished with fines, imprisonment, corporal punishment and (possibly) the death penalty in several countries
- Gender expression appears to play a key role in numerous instances of enforcement
- Binary and essentialist notions of gender make trans and gender-diverse people prone to being targeted for so-called “same-sex” sexual acts
- Police abuse and mistreatment of detainees appears to be present in almost all documented instances of enforcement
- Certain methods of arrest and form of ‘evidence’ appear to be commonly used across different regions
- Enforcement can vary greatly in frequency and intensity on short notice
- Judicial prosecution is a poor indicator to assess levels of enforcement
- The media can play an important role in how States enforce criminalising provisions
- A person’s economic status can play a key role in evading enforcement.
This is the ILGA World press release about the report:
Geneva, 15 December 2021 – Arrests and prosecutions for consensual same-sex sexual acts, or for diverse gender expressions, have continued unabated across the world in 2021 and in previous years, a new report by ILGA World revealed today.
ILGA World reviewed hundreds of cases over the last two decades in which law enforcements subjected LGBT and gender-diverse persons to fines, arbitrary arrests, prosecutions, corporal punishments, imprisonments and more – up to (possibly) the death penalty. The actual numbers, however, may be much higher: many cases may have never been formally registered, and oftentimes formal records are inaccessible or non-existent.
“To date, around one third of United Nations member States continue to criminalise consensual same-sex sexual acts between adults”, said Kellyn Botha, research consultant at ILGA World and author of the Our Identities Under Arrest report. “Governments often dismiss these provisions as ‘dormant regulations’, but laws never really sleep. This report provides plenty of evidence of how criminalising provisions have targeted our communities worldwide, at times coming back to life after years spent as a mere threatening presence on the books. The unpredictable nature of their enforcement makes LGBT and gender-diverse people live perpetually under threat, excluding them from an equal participation in society”.
In numerous instances, non-conforming and diverse gender expressions appear to be a central element triggering arrests – even when legislation doesn’t target them explicitly.
“In societies where non-normative behaviour is largely read as evidence of non-heterosexuality, the way a person looks, dresses and talks can often be seen as indicative of probable ‘criminal activity’, and be enough to warrant an arrest”, said Lucas Ramón Mendos, research coordinator at ILGA World. “In many jurisdictions, it is far more likely for someone to be targeted for their appearance or mannerisms than for any verifiable illicit activity”.
Raids, arbitrary searches, online entrapment by security forces, and tip-offs in hostile environments are among the most common ways in which targeting begins. Under criminalising laws, people of diverse sexual orientations, gender identities and expressions have been arrested even when trying to report a crime they had been victim of themselves. In many instances, there is little to no proof of any illicit activity to support these arrests: reports show how confessions — at times allegedly extracted through torture and beatings — or forced anal examinations have also been used in search of ‘evidence’ of any same-sex activity.
“Laws criminalising consensual same-sex sexual acts or diverse gender expressions, as well as other less explicit provisions, represent a constant threat”, points out Julia Ehrt, executive director at ILGA World. “This is true not only for our communities on the ground, but also for those seeking asylum after having managed to flee hostile environments. Claims that a law is rarely enforced are simply not enough to make a country safe for those who nevertheless are in danger of persecution there.”
Looking beyond the black-letter law, the real human stories of how people are affected by criminalising regulations emerge as a strong call for those in power to stop violence against marginalised communities. This is especially true as we consider the countless other cases of criminal enforcement that went unreported or missed in the maelstrom of public records.
“There is a vital need to continue this research work”, conclude Luz Elena Aranda and Tuisina Ymania Brown, co-secretaries general of ILGA World. “We need to cast a light on how criminalising laws affect millions of people, and to give voice to those pained masses who have been silenced by prejudice and by those in power”.
ILGA World (the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association) is a worldwide federation of more than 1,700 organizations from over 160 countries and territories campaigning for lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and intersex human rights. https://ilga.org
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